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Why a larger lower lip is more attractive than a smaller one?

Larger and fuller lower lips are considered more attractive among females, as they signify youth, femininity, and reproductive health. A recent medical publication highlighted that fuller lips in relation to facial width, along with greater vermilion height, contribute to beauty. This finding is supported by another study that explains that a more prominent lower lip has a significant impact on facial attractiveness, as it influences the perception of chin prominence. Similarly, a study stated that women with large lips and average length and width ratios are more attractive than those with narrow lips. Moreover, some researchers noted that aging reduces collagen synthesis and tissue layers, causing lips to appear deflated, thus associating full lips with youth. Additionally, a research study found that the most appealing lip dimensions for women had a surface area 53.5% larger than their natural size and an upper lip to lower lip ratio of 1:2, with a 2:1 ratio being deemed the least attractive.

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Why a sharper chin is more attractive than a flatter one?

The shape of the chin is a crucial factor in facial appeal, particularly for females. A study found that a small or narrow chin is often linked to a more feminine appearance. Moreover, a study discovered that a slender face with a sharper chin angle is preferred over a face with larger bigonial width. This preference was supported by a study reporting that broad or square chins can be aesthetically unappealing.

A retrospective study involving 36 patients demonstrated that reducing the mandibular width(G - G distance) and creating a sharper chin significantly enhanced facial attractiveness.Overall, these findings suggest that a larger upper lip height and a more slender, sharper chin are considered more attractive in females.

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Why is a larger ratio of Interpupillary-Width to Bi-Zygomatic-Width Ratio attractive?

Interpupillary Width is the distance between the centers of the pupils of the two eyes, while Bi-Zygomatic Width is the distance between the most prominent points of the cheekbones. A greater ratio of Interpupillary Width to Bi-Zygomatic Width results in the appearance of the eyes being larger in proportion to the rest of the face, which is considered attractive among females. This is because a larger eye area can be associated with youth, attractiveness, and innocence, and contributes to a more aesthetically pleasing and youthful appearance. Various factors, including eye size, distance between eyes, and cheekbone shape, can influence the size of the eye area.

Females find a larger Interpupillary - Width to Bi-Zygomatic - Width Ratio attractive as it contributes to a more expansive external orbital surface area.A research study asked 80 participants aged 30 to 50 years to evaluate the perceived age and attractiveness of female eye regions using digital images. The study authors referred to another study, which found that people tend to prefer faces with a larger soft tissue orbital area and youthful features, which supports the babyfaceness hypothesis of facial attractiveness proposed by Bashour(2006). This suggests that there is a natural tendency to perceive larger orbital areas and youthful features in the eye region as attractive.

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Why larger eyes are considered more attractive?

Sexual selection and male mate choice favours females with dimorphic sexual ornaments; features such as “neotentic faces, high-pitched voices, and fatty breasts and hips attract male investment” (Puts, 2010). Neotenic features (or a baby-like facial resemblance) such as big eyes, small round faces and high voices are thought to attract male care and affection by exploiting the primal male impulse to protect infants. This concept is further bolstered by many scientific studies. Men, simply, prefer women with big eyes. Out of the many studies of facial aesthetics and mate choice preferences, a woman’s eye size (and nose size) are often found to be the biggest influences for her overall facial attractiveness (Przlipiak et al, 2018). When the eye is lengthened horizontally, it creates the perception that the eye is bigger (Zhao et al, 2019).

The Medical University of Białystok conducted an experiment, digitally increasing the eye size of female participants to increase their attractiveness(Przlipiak et al, 2018).These researchers further cemented this finding, by also showing that reducing the eye size also decreases attractiveness.There is a general consensus across scientific literature that “wider eyes make females more attractive” (Baudouin and Tiberghien, 2004; Przlipiak et al, 2018) and that overall “larger eyes[are found to be] more attractive” (Geldart et al, 1999; Baudouin & Tiberghein, 2004; Matsushita et al, 2015).

In a conference paper presented by Mitsuhiro & Kitaoka, (2016) eye roundness(calculated as eye height / eye width) and the proportion of the eye covered by the iris compared to the whole eye both increased the perceived likeability, attractiveness and beauty of females. Interestingly, larger eye size not only increases the attractiveness of women but also supplements her perceived social characteristics: such as making a woman appear more honest(Atoum and Al - Simadi 2000), competent and warm(Goncalves et al, 2015).Together, by increasing both the impression of positive social characteristics, and overall female beauty; longer eye length has a strong and well-demonstrated effect on female attractiveness.

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Why is a smaller nose width better than a wider one?

A smaller nose width is often considered more attractive among females. Research at the George Eastman Dental Hospital found that a nose width smaller than ¼ of the facial width contributes to the perception of beauty. Another study supported this, with 64.8% of respondents preferring reduced nose proportions in women. Additionally, a study reported that the human nose is sexually diamorphic, with males tending to have larger noses than females, making evolutionary preferences for smaller female noses understandable. Furthermore, a study found that a youthful face often features a small nose, large eyes, and full lips, which can contribute to overall attractiveness. A more recent study investigated the neoclassical cannon theory, which proposes that the ideal female nose width is about one-fifth of the facial width. The findings showed deviations from the theory, but generally, noses closer to the average composite were deemed more attractive.

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