Serena Williams

Why a larger lower lip is more attractive than a smaller one?

Larger and fuller lower lips are considered more attractive among females, as they signify youth, femininity, and reproductive health. A recent medical publication highlighted that fuller lips in relation to facial width, along with greater vermilion height, contribute to beauty. This finding is supported by another study that explains that a more prominent lower lip has a significant impact on facial attractiveness, as it influences the perception of chin prominence. Similarly, a study stated that women with large lips and average length and width ratios are more attractive than those with narrow lips. Moreover, some researchers noted that aging reduces collagen synthesis and tissue layers, causing lips to appear deflated, thus associating full lips with youth. Additionally, a research study found that the most appealing lip dimensions for women had a surface area 53.5% larger than their natural size and an upper lip to lower lip ratio of 1:2, with a 2:1 ratio being deemed the least attractive.

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What makes a shorter chin more attractive than a longer one?

A study at School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK by Perrett found that “very attractive female faces have more feminine features (a smaller chin and higher cheekbones)”.

The scientific paper by Thayer et al showed that males typically have “larger and more projecting lateral tubercles at the base of the chin” and this longer and broader chin phenotype is used to help us discern males from females.It should come as no surprise then, that females with longer chins are typically rated as less attractive, as this is more fitting with the attractive male face shape.

When men were asked to rate the attractiveness of women in a study (Cunningham et al 1986), an interesting observation developed: they preferred baby - like features.A small chin, a small nose and big eyes were not only preferred, but dictated the men’s likelihood to date, help and be sexually attracted to these women.The study quotes “Smaller chins were found to be desirable for women”.

Valenzano et al(2006) show that, Sexual differences in the female during their foetal development usually result in “horizontal reduction of the chin, [and] forward movement of the gonion(jaw angle)”. This aesthetic change in the developing female’s chin, helps create an ‘attractive shape’.

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Why a sharper chin is more attractive than a flatter one?

The shape of the chin is a crucial factor in facial appeal, particularly for females. A study found that a small or narrow chin is often linked to a more feminine appearance. Moreover, a study discovered that a slender face with a sharper chin angle is preferred over a face with larger bigonial width. This preference was supported by a study reporting that broad or square chins can be aesthetically unappealing.

A retrospective study involving 36 patients demonstrated that reducing the mandibular width(G - G distance) and creating a sharper chin significantly enhanced facial attractiveness.Overall, these findings suggest that a larger upper lip height and a more slender, sharper chin are considered more attractive in females.

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Why is a larger ratio of Mouth Width to Nose Width attractive?

Studies suggest that the ratio between mouth width and nose width plays a significant role in determining a person's perceived attractiveness. Specifically, research such as the study titled 'Differences in horizontal, neoclassical facial canons in Chinese(Han) and North American Caucasian populations' has shed light on the ideal mouth-to-nose ratio.According to this study, it is generally considered more attractive for the mouth width to be approximately 1.5 times larger than the nose width.In other words, if the mouth is of a similar size or smaller than the nose, it may not be perceived as attractive.These findings provide valuable insights into the importance of the mouth-to - nose ratio when evaluating facial attractiveness.

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Why larger eyes are considered more attractive?

Sexual selection and male mate choice favours females with dimorphic sexual ornaments; features such as “neotentic faces, high-pitched voices, and fatty breasts and hips attract male investment” (Puts, 2010). Neotenic features (or a baby-like facial resemblance) such as big eyes, small round faces and high voices are thought to attract male care and affection by exploiting the primal male impulse to protect infants. This concept is further bolstered by many scientific studies. Men, simply, prefer women with big eyes. Out of the many studies of facial aesthetics and mate choice preferences, a woman’s eye size (and nose size) are often found to be the biggest influences for her overall facial attractiveness (Przlipiak et al, 2018). When the eye is lengthened horizontally, it creates the perception that the eye is bigger (Zhao et al, 2019).

The Medical University of Białystok conducted an experiment, digitally increasing the eye size of female participants to increase their attractiveness(Przlipiak et al, 2018).These researchers further cemented this finding, by also showing that reducing the eye size also decreases attractiveness.There is a general consensus across scientific literature that “wider eyes make females more attractive” (Baudouin and Tiberghien, 2004; Przlipiak et al, 2018) and that overall “larger eyes[are found to be] more attractive” (Geldart et al, 1999; Baudouin & Tiberghein, 2004; Matsushita et al, 2015).

In a conference paper presented by Mitsuhiro & Kitaoka, (2016) eye roundness(calculated as eye height / eye width) and the proportion of the eye covered by the iris compared to the whole eye both increased the perceived likeability, attractiveness and beauty of females. Interestingly, larger eye size not only increases the attractiveness of women but also supplements her perceived social characteristics: such as making a woman appear more honest(Atoum and Al - Simadi 2000), competent and warm(Goncalves et al, 2015).Together, by increasing both the impression of positive social characteristics, and overall female beauty; longer eye length has a strong and well-demonstrated effect on female attractiveness.

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Why a high set eyebrow is more attractive than a low set?

A high eyebrow type is considered more attractive than a low eyebrow type among females. In a study, subjects from various age groups ranked high eyebrows as the most attractive, with low eyebrows receiving the least preference. According to a study, highly set eyebrows are associated with female features.

Two studies confirm that high - set eyebrows are a sexually dimorphic feature. Some found interbrow height to be significantly greater in females than males.Likewise, a study discovered eyebrow height to be significantly larger in women compared to men.

Furthermore, a research study explains that the attractiveness of eye - to - eyebrow distance is influenced by overall face shape.Shorter, rounder faces are considered most attractive with high-set, curved eyebrows, while square or longer faces are perceived as more attractive with lower - set, flatter eyebrows. This relationship suggests that ideal eyebrow placement varies with individual facial aesthetics.

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